First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards
—Early 1950- Routine had improved somewhat with the introduction of punched cards.
- It was now possible to write programs on cards and read them in, instead of using plug boards
-Otherwise the procedure was the same.
Second Generation (1955-1965): Transistors and Batch Systems
-—Introduction of the transistor in the mid-1950s changed the picture radically.
— Computers became reliable enough that they could be manufactured and sold to paying customer with the expectation that they would continue to function long enough to get some useful work done.
Third Generation (1955-1965): ICs and Multiprogramming
—-Early 1960 – Most manufacturer had two distinct, totally incompatible, produce lines.
1) Word Oriented
- large scale scientific computer, example: IBM 7094
2) Character Oriented
- commercial computer, example: IBM 1401
—IBM 360 – first major computer line to use small scale integrated circuit (IC)
- major price/ performance advantage over second generation machine
—IBM 7094 – used a technique called multiprogramming.
- Ability to process the next before the first job is finished.
—Spooling (Simultaneous peripheral operation on line)
- Ability to read jobs from cards onto disk
- Whenever a running job is finished, OS could load a new job from disk into the now empty partition and run it
Fourth Generation (1980-1990): personal computers
—The development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits introduce the use of personal computer
- chips containing thousands of transistors on a square centimetre of silicon
—Powerful personal computer use by business, universities and government are usually called workstations
—1980’s – Growth of personal computer running network OS and distributed OS.
—Network OS – User can log in into remote machine and copy file from one machine to another
- Each machine run it own local OS and has it own user.
—Distributed OS
- Appears to its users as a traditional unit processor system, actually composed of multiple processor system.
The Fifth Generation
The
Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's -Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see
History of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation using
massive parallel processing. It was to be the end result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with
supercomputer-like performance and to provide a platform for future developments in
artificial intelligence.
The term
fifth generation was intended to convey the system as being a leap beyond -existing machines. Computers using
vacuum tubes were called the first generation; transistors anddiodes, the second; integrated circuits, the third; and those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added performance. The project was to create the computer over a ten year period, after which it was considered ended and investment in a new, Sixth Generation project, began. Opinions about its outcome are divided: Either it was a failure, or it was ahead of its time.
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