Tuesday, 26 July 2011

Batch of Operating System

A.    A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention.
The basic physical layout of the memory of a batch job computer is shown below:

Monitor (permanently resident)
User Space
(compilers, programs, data, etc.)
-The monitor is system software that is responsible for
    interpreting and carrying out the instructions in the batch jobs.
-   When the monitor starts a job, the entire computer is dedicated to the job, which then controls the computer until it finishes.

Advantages:
-Move much of the work of the operator to the computer
-Increased performance since it was possible for job to start as soon as the previous job finished
Disadvantages:
-Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect
  pending jobs (read too many cards, etc)
       Example: A job could corrupt the monitor, thus affecting pending jobs
-A job could enter an infinite loop

WRITER-->Nor Aqilah bt Kamaruzaman (F1042)


History of Operating System (OS)


First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards

Early 1950- Routine had improved somewhat with the introduction of punched cards.
  - It was now possible to write programs on cards and read them in, instead of using plug boards
  -Otherwise the procedure was the same.

           Second Generation (1955-1965): Transistors and Batch Systems
  -—Introduction of the transistor in the mid-1950s changed the picture radically.
—   Computers became reliable enough that they could be manufactured and sold to paying customer with the expectation that they would continue to function long enough to get some useful work done.


Third Generation (1955-1965): ICs and Multiprogramming
—-Early 1960 – Most manufacturer had two distinct, totally incompatible, produce lines.
  1) Word Oriented
  - large scale scientific computer, example: IBM 7094
  2) Character Oriented
  - commercial computer, example: IBM 1401
 —IBM 360 – first major computer line to use small scale integrated circuit (IC)
  - major price/ performance advantage over second generation machine
IBM 7094 – used a technique called multiprogramming.
  - Ability to process the next before the first job is finished.
Spooling (Simultaneous peripheral operation on line)
  - Ability to read jobs from cards onto disk
  - Whenever a running job is finished, OS could load a new job from disk into the now empty partition and run it

Fourth   Generation (1980-1990): personal computers
The development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits introduce the use of personal computer
  - chips containing thousands of transistors on a square centimetre of silicon
Powerful personal computer use by business, universities and government are usually called workstations
1980’s – Growth of personal computer running network OS and distributed OS.
Network OS – User can log in into remote machine and copy file from one machine to another
  - Each machine run it own local OS and has it own user.
Distributed OS
  - Appears to its users as a traditional unit processor system, actually composed of multiple processor system.



The Fifth Generation 

The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's -Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see History of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation using massive parallel processing. It was to be the end result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and to provide a platform for future developments inartificial intelligence.
The term fifth generation was intended to convey the system as being a leap beyond -existing machines. Computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation; transistors anddiodes, the second; integrated circuits, the third; and those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added performance. The project was to create the computer over a ten year period, after which it was considered ended and investment in a new, Sixth Generation project, began. Opinions about its outcome are divided: Either it was a failure, or it was ahead of its time.

WRITER-->
- Nur Farrahana bt Mohamad Roslan F1056
-Nur Hidayah bt Azirid  F1053
-Zatty Ilyani bt Abdullah F1066
-Izyan Shazwani bt Akhnas F2056