warga-warga utilities~

Warga2 GROUP B "UTILITIES"

SHAIDATUL HIDAYU BT MOHAMMAD SABRI 10QIP11F1051

NUR FARRAHANA BINTI MOHAMAD ROSLAN 10QIP11F1056

NOR AQILAH BINTI KAMARUZAMAN 10QIP11F1042

NURHAYATUN NISHA BT SAHARUDIN 10QIP11F1067

NUR HIDAYAH BINTI AZIRID 10QIP11F1053

ZATTY ILYANI BT ABDULLAH 10QIP11F1066 

USER INTERFACE

lA user interface is the system by which 

people (users) interact with a machine.

 The user interface includes hardware 

(physical) and software (logical) components.

lUser interfaces exist for various systems, 

and provide a means of:

-Input, allowing the users to 

manipulate a system, and/or

-Output, allowing the system to indicate

 the effects of the users' manipulation.

lUsers may also interact with the

operating system with some kind of 

software user interface like typing 

commands by using command line interface 

(CLI) or using a graphical user interface.

lFor hand-held and desktop computers, 

the user interface is generally considered

part of the operating system.

lOn large multi-user systems such as 

Unix-like systems, the user interface is

 generally implemented as an application 

program

that runs outside the operating system.

       

Operating System Placement

      The user interface has two main components:

lPresentation language, which

 is the computer-to-human part of the 

transaction.

lAction language that characterizes

the human-to-computer portion

Types of User Interfaces

  There are several types 

      of user interfaces:

lCommand Line Interfaces.

lMenu interfaces.

lGraphical User Interfaces (GUIs).

lVoice User Interfaces.

lWeb Form Interfaces.

Command interfaces

lUser types commands to give 

instructions to the system e.g. UNIX

lMay be implemented using

 cheap terminals.

lEasy to process using 

compiler techniques.

lCommands of arbitrary 

complexity can be created by 

command combination.

lConcise interfaces requiring

 minimal typing can be created.

Menu Interfaces

lMenu Interface presents user 

with a menu of choices.

lRather than learning specific 

commands, user choose them 

from the menu.

lMenus can contain submenus, 

in which case user need to 

memorize how to access a 

particular command.

lThis is still much easier than 

memorizing the actual command.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

lA graphical user interface or GUI (sometimes
pronouncedgooey) is a type of user interface item that allows
people to interact with programs in more ways than typing such
as computers
lExamples: hand-held devices such as MP3 Players, Portable
Media Players or Gaming devices; household appliances and
office equipment with images rather than text commands.
lA GUI offers graphical icons, and visual indicators, as
opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text
navigation to fully represent the information and actions available
to a user.

VoiceUser Interface

lA Voice User Interface (VUI) makes human interaction with computers possible through a voice/speech platform in order to initiate an automated service or process.

lThe VUI is the interface to any speech application.

lControlling a machine by simply talking to it was science fiction only a short time ago.

lHowever, with advances in technology, VUI have become more common place, and people are taking advantage of the value that these hands-free, eyes-free interfaces provide in many situations.

Web Form Interfaces

lWeb Form interfaces are onscreen forms displaying fields containing data items or parameters that need to be communicated to the user.

lWeb Form interfaces may be implemented using the Web

lA Web Form allows a user to enter data that is sent to a server for processing.

lWeb forms resemble paper forms because internet users fill out the forms using checkboxes, radio buttons, or text fields.

lFor example, Web Forms can be used to enter shipping or credit card data to order a product or can be used to retrieve data (e.g: searching on a search engine).

lIn addition to functioning as input templates for new information, Web Forms can also be used to query and display existing data in a similar manner to mail merge forms, with the same advantages..

1. 
   

WebForm Interfaces

lWeb Form interfaces are onscreen forms displaying fields containing data items or parameters that need to be communicated to the user.

lWeb Form interfaces may be implemented using the Web

lA Web Form allows a user to enter data that is sent to a server for processing.

lWeb forms resemble paper forms because internet users fill out the forms using checkboxes, radio buttons, or text fields.

lFor example, Web Forms can be used to enter shipping or credit card data to order a product or can be used to retrieve data (e.g: searching on a search engine).

lIn addition to functioning as input templates for new information, Web Forms can also be used to query and display existing data in a similar manner to mail merge forms, with the same advantages..

Distributed Operating System

—A Distributed Operating System is the one that runs on multiple, autonomous CPUs which provides its users an illusion of an ordinary Centralized Operating System that runs on a Virtual Uniprocessor.

—Distributed Operating Systems provide resource transparency to the user processes.

  “If you can tell which computer you are using, you are not using a distributed operating system.” - Tanenbaum

—The Distributed Operating System is unique and resides on different machines.

— User processes can run on any of the CPUs as allocated by the Distributed Operating System.

— Data can be resident on any machine that is the part of the Distributed System.

— All multi-machine systems are not Distributed Systems.

“It is the software not the hardware that determines whether a system is distributed or not” - Tanenbaum

—Advantages:

-Price/Performance advantage (Availability of cheap and powerful Microprocessors).

-Resources Sharing

-Computation speed up – load sharing

-Reliability and Availability.

-Provides Transparency.

—Disadvantages:

1)Lack of security - Easy access also applies to secret data.

—An example of a distributed system: Amoeba

-An open source microkernel-based distributed operating system developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and others at the Vrije Universiteit.

-The aim of the Amoeba project is to build a timesharing system that makes an entire network of computers appear to the user as a single machine.

-Development seems to have stalled: the files in the latest version (5.3) were last modified on 12 February 2001.

-Amoeba runs on several platforms, including i386, i486, 68030, Sun 3/50 and Sun 3/60.




WRITER-->Shaidatul Hidayu bt Mohammad Sabri (F1051)

Multiprogramming of Operating System

As machines with more and more memory became available, 

it was possible to extend the idea of multiprogramming

 (or multiprocessing) as used in batch systems.

—This create a systems that would load several jobs into memory at 

once and cycle through them in some order, working on each one for 

a specified period of time.

-The basic physical layout of a multiprogramming system is as shown:

Monitor  (more like an operating system)

User program 1

User program 2

User program 3

User program 4 Types of Operating System: Multiprogramming —At this point the monitor is growing to  the point where  it begins to resemble a modern  operating system. —It is responsible for: —Starting user jobs —Spooling operations —IO for user jobs — Switching between user jobs — Ensuring proper protection while  doing the above  —There are different type of  Multiprogramming  Operating System such as: —Multitasking Operating System —A type of multiprogramming  operating system which  can perform several  process simultaneously. —The earliest multitasking OS  available to home  users was the AmigaOS. —All current major operating system  support this feature. 2)Multi-user Operating System — A multi-user operating system  allows for  multiple users to use the same  computer at the same  time and/or different times. — Linux, Unix,Windows OS  are some example  of multitasking operating  system. 3)Multiprocessing Operating System — An operating system  capable of supporting  and utilizing more than  one computer. 4)Real Time Operating System — Often used as a control  device in a dedicated  application such as controlling  scientific experiments,  medical imaging systems,  industrial control systems,  and some display systems. —Well-defined fixed-time  constraints. WRITER--> Nurhayatun Nisha bt Saharudin F1067